This Week In Science

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Sponsored by the Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office Watch Previously Recorded Webinars from Science/AAAS View our collection of over 50 webinars on at webinar.sciencemag.org and learn how today’s research is shaping tomorrow’s discoveries. Featuring presentations from world renowned experts on a broad range of topics, including Noncoding RNAs, Imaging, Apoptosis, qPCR, Next-Gen Sequencing, and Stem Cell Research, the webinars are a tremendous learning tool that include previously recorded question and answer segments. Watch Science Webinars today at webinar.sciencemag.org Science This Week in Science   05/22/15 Volume 348, Issue 6237 Editor summaries of this week’s research papers. This Week in Science Glacier Mass Loss Increasingly rapid ice sheet melting H. Jesse Smith Tumor Evolution Normal skin’s curiously abnormal genome Paula A. Kiberstis Cystic Fibrosis Skirting quality control to treat cystic fibrosis Leslie K. Ferrarelli Organic Chemistry Stitching C-N bonds from nitro groups Jake Yeston Sanitation Subsidies Helping the poor invest in sanitation Gilbert Chin Cancer Marrow-infiltrating lymphocytes in ACT Angela Colmone Planetary Science Old minerals expose an ancient field Brent Grocholski Neurophysiology Brain imagination to control external devices Peter Stern Evolution Staying the same across a billion years Guy Riddihough Innate Lymphoid Cells Cells acting at the intersection of immunity Kristen L. Mueller Carbon Cycle The difference is found at the margins H. Jesse Smith Microbiology Why methanol-oxidizing bacteria love lanthanides Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink Epigenetics Chromatin state and the single cell Laura M. Zahn Virology A viral DNA form that survives extremes Guy Riddihough RNA Structure Structural signals that direct HIV packaging Valda Vinson Sponsored by the Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office Watch Previously Recorded Webinars from Science/AAAS View our collection of over 50 webinars on at webinar.sciencemag.org and learn how today’s research is shaping tomorrow’s discoveries. Featuring presentations from world renowned experts on a broad range of topics, including Noncoding RNAs, Imaging, Apoptosis, qPCR, Next-Gen Sequencing, and Stem Cell Research, the webinars are a tremendous learning tool that include previously recorded question and answer segments. Watch Science Webinars today at webinar.sciencemag.org

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The new shape of fusion, the origin of dogs, & more

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Latest News and Headlines 21 May 2015

House committee approves bill on speeding medical innovation

Researchers turn to volunteer readers to speed research on rare genetic disorder

Gene turns female mosquitoes into males

Yeast can live with human genes

Feature: The new shape of fusion

Arctic find confirms ancient origin of dogs

Coffin remains tell life story of ancient sun-worshiping priestess

After 2-year battle, House passes COMPETES Act on mostly party-line vote

Octopuses have eyes in their skin

Open-access publisher sacks 31 editors amid fierce row over independence

Deepwater spill killed dolphins in record numbers

New White House pollinator plan gives big buzz to science

Grad student accused of faking gay marriage data planning comprehensive response

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Table of Contents for 22 May 2015; Vol. 348, No. 6237

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Sponsored by Science & SciLifeLab Prize for Young Scientists    Want to be published in Science?    Want to receive US$30,000 for your research?    Now accepting entries    Science & SciLifeLab Prize for Young Scientists    Deadline: August 1, 2015    Visit www.sciencemag.org/scilifelabprize Science Table of Contents   05/22/15 Volume 348, Issue 6237 In this week’s issue: Special Section Introduction to Special Issue Tara Oceans studies plankton at PLANETARY SCALE P. Bork et al. Special Issue Research Article Structure and function of the global ocean microbiome Shinichi Sunagawa et al. Special Issue Research Article Environmental characteristics of Agulhas rings affect interocean plankton transport Emilie Villar et al. Special Issue Research Article Patterns and ecological drivers of ocean viral communities Jennifer R. Brum et al. Special Issue Research Article Eukaryotic plankton diversity in the sunlit ocean Colomban de Vargas et al. Special Issue Research Article Determinants of community structure in the global plankton interactome Gipsi Lima-Mendez et al. Research Summaries This Week in Science Editor summaries of this week’s papers. Editors’ Choice Highlights of the recent literature. Editorial Oceans and Earth’s habitability Marcia McNutt In Brief This week’s section A roundup of weekly science policy and related news. In Depth Microbiology Leaf bacteria fertilize trees, researchers claim Elizabeth Pennisi Free-living nitrogen fixers defy textbooks and could boost crop production. Earth Science Alarm over a sinking delta Charlie Schmidt Rise and Fall project seeks ways to slow land subsidence in Vietnam’s populous Mekong delta. Biomedical Research Canadian registry to track thousands of pot smokers Lizzie Wade Data could answer questions about safety, efficacy, and dosage. Human Evolution Ancient DNA pinpoints Paleolithic liaison in Europe Ann Gibbons Romanian fossil was the great-great-great-grandson of a Neandertal—but an evolutionary dead end. Europe E.U. commission promises to listen to scientists Tania Rabesandratana Panel of seven top scientists to act as watchdog of new advice system. Regenerative Medicine ‘Rejuvenating’ protein doubted Jocelyn Kaiser Factor reported to explain how young blood restores muscle has opposite effect in another lab. Feature The drug push Kelly Servick As fears of drug-resistant bacteria loom, governments try to coax companies back to the field. The new shape of fusion Daniel Clery After decades of slow progress with doughnut-shaped reactors, magnetic fusion labs are gambling on a redesign. Working Life Playing the field Gretchen Meyer Letters Eugenics lurk in the shadow of CRISPR Robert Pollack Carnivore coexistence: Wilderness not required José Vicente López-Bao et al. Outside the Tower Honing the climate change message Bing Xue Books et al. Anthropology The dynamics of disaster Laura Stark A social autopsy of the 2003 Paris heat wave. Virology Exploring the unseen Michael Koeris A new “phage phield guide” sheds light on the habits and habitats of bacteriophages. In Brief Plankton: Wonders of the Drifting World Books Received A listing of books received at Science during the week ending 15 May 2015. Policy Forum Science and Society Debating a testosterone “sex gap” Katrina Karkazis and Rebecca Jordan-Young Policies unfairly exclude some women athletes from competition ADVERTISEMENT Perspectives Neuroscience Reading the mind to move the body J. Andrew Pruszynski and Jörn Diedrichsen Decoding neural signals of intention and movement should guide the development of neural prosthetics [Also see Report by Aflalo et al.] Microbiology Just add lanthanides Elizabeth Skovran and Norma Cecilia Martinez-Gomez Some methanol-using bacteria may depend on lanthanide elements for carbon capture and energy generation Organic Chemistry Streamlining amine synthesis László Kürti Bulky amine groups that help make many drugs more bioavailable can be added readily to organic compounds [Also see Research Article by Gui et al.] Marine Biology Uncovering hidden worlds of ocean biodiversity E. Virginia Armbrust and Stephen R. Palumbi A 3-year expedition yields a treasure trove of data on microorganisms and small animals in the world’s oceans Cancer Preprocancer Douglas E. Brash Normal skin harbors cancer-causing mutations [Also see Research Article by Martincorena et al.] Reviews Innate lymphoid cells: A new paradigm in immunology Gérard Eberl et al. A growing family of immune cells reacts promptly to signals from infected or injured tissues and tailors the immune response. Research Articles High burden and pervasive positive selection of somatic mutations in normal human skin Iñigo Martincorena et al. Sun-exposed but physiologically normal human skin harbors an unexpectedly high number of cancer-causing mutations. [Also see Perspective by Brash] Practical olefin hydroamination with nitroarenes Jinghan Gui et al. A method to form carbon-nitrogen bonds via nitro group reduction could streamline synthetic routes in medicinal chemistry. [Also see Perspective by Kürti] Reports Low-altitude magnetic field measurements by MESSENGER reveal Mercury’s ancient crustal field Catherine L. Johnson et al. Magnetic field measurements of Mercury’s crust uncover a global magnetic field operating at least 3.8 billion years ago. The dominant role of semi-arid ecosystems in the trend and variability of the land CO2 sink Anders Ahlström et al. Semi-arid regions cause most of the interannual variability of the terrestrial carbon dioxide sink. Dynamic thinning of glaciers on the Southern Antarctic Peninsula B. Wouters et al. Glaciers on the Southern Antarctic Peninsula are disappearing at increasing rates. Encouraging sanitation investment in the developing world: A cluster-randomized trial Raymond Guiteras et al. Giving a financial boost to the poorest households improves access to sanitation for all villagers. Decoding motor imagery from the posterior parietal cortex of a tetraplegic human Tyson Aflalo et al. Neurons in the human posterior parietal cortex encode high-level aspects of imagined movements. [Also see Perspective by Pruszynski and Diedrichsen] Multiplex single-cell profiling of chromatin accessibility by combinatorial cellular indexing Darren A. Cusanovich et al. Combinatorial indexing can identify chromatin states at single-cell resolution. A virus that infects a hyperthermophile encapsidates A-form DNA Frank DiMaio et al. ­A virus that experiences extremes of temperatures and acidity has an unusual DNA conformation that may help it survive. Structure of the HIV-1 RNA packaging signal Sarah C. Keane et al. A nuclear magnetic resonance structure of a region of the HIV-1 RNA 5′ leader gives insight into how the viral genome is selected for packaging. Systematic humanization of yeast genes reveals conserved functions and genetic modularity Aashiq H. Kachroo et al. Genes in the same pathway can retain their function in organisms separated by a billion years of evolutionary history. Technical Comments Comment on “Agriculture facilitated permanent human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau after 3600 B.P. “ Jade d’Alpoim Guedes et al. Response to Comment on “Agriculture facilitated permanent human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau after 3600 B.P.” Guanghui Dong et al. Podcast Science Podcast: 22 May Show On this week’s show: Testosterone and sex classification in elite sport, and a roundup of daily news stories. New Products New Products A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.     About the Cover Also Online: Science Express Daily News Science Careers Science Signaling Science Translational Medicine Recommend to Your Library Podcast Listen now. Latest News Yeast can live with human genes Feature: The new shape of fusion Gene turns female mosquitoes into males Arctic find confirms ancient origin of dogs Coffin remains tell life story of ancient sun-worshiping priestess ADVERTISEMENT Sponsored by Science & SciLifeLab Prize for Young Scientists    Want to be published in Science?    Want to receive US$30,000 for your research?    Now accepting entries    Science & SciLifeLab Prize for Young Scientists    Deadline: August 1, 2015    Visit www.sciencemag.org/scilifelabprize

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Science Express Notification for 22 May 2015

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Sponsored by Science & SciLifeLab Prize for Young Scientists    Want to be published in Science?    Want to receive US$30,000 for your research?    Now accepting entries    Science & SciLifeLab Prize for Young Scientists    Deadline: August 1, 2015    Visit www.sciencemag.org/scilifelabprize Science Science Express   05/22/15 Volume 348, Issue 6237 New Science Express articles have been made available: Reports A male-determining factor in the mosquito Aedes aegypti Andrew Brantley Hall et al. SOLAR CELLS High-performance photovoltaic perovskite layers fabricated through intramolecular exchange Woon Seok Yang et al. Phthalimide conjugation as a strategy for in vivo target protein degradation Georg E. Winter et al. Sponsored by Science & SciLifeLab Prize for Young Scientists    Want to be published in Science?    Want to receive US$30,000 for your research?    Now accepting entries    Science & SciLifeLab Prize for Young Scientists    Deadline: August 1, 2015    Visit www.sciencemag.org/scilifelabprize

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A new plan to save the bees, faked data in gay marriage study, & more

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Latest News and Headlines 20 May 2015

Open-access publisher sacks 31 editors amid fierce row over independence

Deepwater spill killed dolphins in record numbers

New White House pollinator plan gives big buzz to science

Grad student accused of faking gay marriage data planning comprehensive response

Senate subcommittee moves to pull U.S. out of ITER fusion project

Report finds trachea surgeon committed misconduct

Are Marss moons homegrown—or snatched from the asteroid belt?

Arctic fjord harbors surprising inhabitants

Doubts cast on rejuvenating protein

Could a computer predict the next pandemic?

In unusual move, German scientists lobby for GM labeling

Pentagon to analyze grantsmaking process for gender bias

Study may explain mysterious cancer–day care connection

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Latest from Science News: Octopuses can ‘see’ with their skin

Latest from Science News 05/21/2015 View in browser Become a Subscribing Member» News Octopuses can ‘see’ with their skin BY Susan Milius, May 20, 2015 06:00 pm Eyes aren’t the only cephalopod body parts with light-catching molecules. Read More Read More» News Like a balloon, peculiar magnet grows and shrinks BY Andrew Grant, May 20, 2015 03:32 pm A recently discovered alloy of iron and gallium can expand and contract like a balloon when exposed to a magnetic field. Read More Read More» Wild Things Rising temperatures may cause problems for cold-blooded critters BY Sarah Zielinski, May 20, 2015 03:00 pm Ectotherms cannot easily handle extreme temperatures, a new study finds. Read More Read More» More Headlines from Science News Letters to the Editor Suds versus nanoparticles and more reader feedback Readers discuss the posture of an ancient reptile and why washing machines and nanoparticles don’t mix. Read More By Science News Staff, May 20, 2015 08:49 am Science Ticker Crows safeguard sticks to speed future food-finding forays New Caledonian crows safeguard the sticks they use to find food. As the risk of losing the tool increases, the more protective the birds become. Read More By Ashley Yeager, May 20, 2015 08:00 am Growth Curve Playtime at the pool may boost youngsters’ bodies and brains Learning to swim early in life may boost kids’ learning in language and math. Read More By Ashley Yeager, May 20, 2015 07:00 am News Snagging blood clots upgrades stroke care A new device threaded up to the brain via catheter can unblock vessels in cerebral arteries, studies show. Read More By Nathan Seppa, May 19, 2015 03:10 pm News Sea salt may stripe Europa’s surface Salt deposits on Jupiter’s moon Europa might be responsible for brown stripes on the icy satellite’s surface. Read More By Christopher Crockett, May 19, 2015 12:00 pm Science Ticker Broken bones heal with young blood, how remains a mystery Blood from young mice rejuvenates bones of elderly mice, but how it works remains a mystery. Read More By Meghan Rosen, May 19, 2015 11:00 am How Bizarre Pandas’ gut bacteria resemble carnivores’ Unlike other vegetarians, the bamboo eaters lack plant-digesting microbes. Read More By Meghan Rosen, May 19, 2015 09:00 am Privacy Policy | Update Email Preferences | Unsubscribe from All SSP Newsletters | Contact Us Facebook | Twitter | Vimeo | Google+ Society for Science & the Public • 1719 N Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20036 • Copyright © 2015

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Sci Transl Med Table of Contents for 20 May 2015; Vol. 7, No. 288

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Sponsored by Waters Corporation Science Translational Medicine Table of Contents   05/20/15 Volume 7, Issue 288 <!––> Congratulations to Nicholas Navin from MD Anderson Cancer Center on winning the 2015 AAAS Martin and Rose Wachtel Cancer Research Award, and to the runners up Agnel Sfeir and Nitzan Rosenfeld. <!– Join Science Translational Medicine in Stockholm, Sweden, May 7-8, for Days of Molecular Medicine 2015 Last chance to register for Bridging Biomedical Worlds “From Neural Circuitry to Neurotechnology” in Tokyo. –> <!– Science Translational Medicine welcomes our 2015 Associate Scientific Advisors. –> <!– The focus of this week’s issue is cancer to coincide with the AACR annual meeting –> In this week’s issue: Research Articles ANTIBIOTICS Aminomethyl spectinomycins as therapeutics for drug-resistant respiratory tract and sexually transmitted bacterial infections David F. Bruhn et al. A new series of spectinomycin analogs with potency against drug-resistant bacterial pathogens was designed and developed with a structure-based approach and validated in vitro and in vivo. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS Targeting phosphatase-dependent proteoglycan switch for rheumatoid arthritis therapy Karen M. Doody et al. Targeting joint-lining fibroblast-like synoviocytes reduces the severity of arthritis. MALARIA The cytoplasmic prolyl-tRNA synthetase of the malaria parasite is a dual-stage target of febrifugine and its analogs Jonathan D. Herman et al. The cytoplasmic prolyl-tRNA synthetase of Plasmodium falciparum is a dual-stage therapeutic target for drug development. CANCER Adoptive transfer of activated marrow-infiltrating lymphocytes induces measurable antitumor immunity in the bone marrow in multiple myeloma Kimberly A. Noonan et al. Marrow-infiltrating lymphocytes (MILs) may be used as adoptive cell therapy for multiple myeloma. FIBROSIS The αvβ1 integrin plays a critical in vivo role in tissue fibrosis Nilgun I. Reed et al. An αvβ1 inhibitor attenuated pulmonary and liver fibrosis in mouse models. FETAL DEVELOPMENT Prolonged exposure to acetaminophen reduces testosterone production by the human fetal testis in a xenograft model Sander van den Driesche et al. Prolonged exposure to therapeutic doses of acetaminophen reduces testosterone production by human fetal testis xenografts in mice. Editorial GRANTS New blood: Creative funding of disease-specific research William E. Seaman et al. A simple funding process attracts proven scientists who have never worked on asthma to study disease mechanisms and advance new targets for therapy. Focus FIBROSIS One integrin to rule them all? Harry C. Dietz Editors’ Choice CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY Unexpected innate immunity targets for cancer Ellen J. Beswick Blocking the innate immune receptor TLR2 shows promise for treating head and neck cancer. OBESITY The bitter price of sweetness Ian R. Lanza A study in human subjects links the obesogenic effects of fructose with hunger and appetite regulation in the brain. DERMATITIS Scratching the surface: Alterations of skin microbiota in the initiation of eczematous dermatitis Anne Marie Singh Naturally occurring S. aureus and C. bovis drive inflammation and immune deviation in murine eczematous dermatitis. CANCER More than just a fruit: Grapefruit-derived nanovectors deliver cancer drugs Andrew Z. Wang Grapefruit-derived nanoparticles coated with active leukocyte plasma membrane can target tumors and effectively deliver anticancer therapeutics.     About the cover Also Online: Current Issue Information for Authors My Science Translational Medicine Recommend to Your Library Sponsored by Waters Corporation

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Mars’s moons, doubts over ‘rejuvenating’ protein, & more

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Latest News and Headlines 19 May 2015

Report finds trachea surgeon committed misconduct

Are Marss moons homegrown—or snatched from the asteroid belt?

Arctic fjord harbors surprising inhabitants

Doubts cast on rejuvenating protein

Could a computer predict the next pandemic?

In unusual move, German scientists lobby for GM labeling

Pentagon to analyze grantsmaking process for gender bias

Study may explain mysterious cancer–day care connection

Video: If you’re a spider, you want to be able to see this

Researchers closer to engineering yeast that make morphine, spurring worries

Right whales have distinctive voices

In Brazil, cattle industry begins to help fight deforestation

Top stories: Freezing eggs, burning fat, and the world’s first warm-bodied fish

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Science Signaling Table of Contents for 19 May 2015; Volume 8, Issue 377

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Sponsored by Diagenode Four million CpGs — we’ve got you covered. Diagenode’s Premium RRBS kit uses a proprietary protocol for highest efficiency of bisulfite conversion and minimal bias with reduced amplification requirements. Lowest cost solution available! Superior coverage – 4 million CpGs Cost-efficient – Optimized for multiplexing up 6 samples/lane Most complete kit available from conversion to library preparation reagents Learn more Science Signaling Table of Contents   05/19/15 Volume 8, Issue 377 <!––> Follow Science and Science Signaling on Twitter and Facebook!<!– –> In this week’s issue: Research Articles Cell MotiIlity ERK reinforces actin polymerization to power persistent edge protrusion during motility Michelle C. Mendoza et al. ERK signaling enables the leading edge of moving cells to generate enough force to sustain forward movement. Cystic Fibrosis A molecular switch in the scaffold NHERF1 enables misfolded CFTR to evade the peripheral quality control checkpoint Cláudia A. Loureiro et al. A molecular switch in a scaffolding protein enables a misfolded, but partially functional, cystic fibrosis protein to evade a quality control checkpoint. Immunology The catalytic activity of the kinase ZAP-70 mediates basal signaling and negative feedback of the T cell receptor pathway Hanna Sjölin-Goodfellow et al. The kinase ZAP-70 has both positive and negative functions in T cell signaling. Editors’ Choice Calcium Signaling Milk needs Orai1 Sudhakaran Prabakaran The store-operated calcium channel Orai1 is required for both the transport of calcium into milk and the ejection of milk during lactation. Cancer Neurons promote glioma growth Nancy R. Gough Active neurons release neuroligin-3, which stimulates glioma proliferation. Toxicology Too stimulated to suck Leslie K. Ferrarelli Some insecticides activate TRP channels to overstimulate mechanosensory neurons to impair insect mouth movements and prevent feeding. Innate Immunity Viral sensors get more involved John F. Foley The pattern recognition receptors RIG-I and MDA5 displace viral proteins that protect viral RNA in infected cells. Immunology Rethinking myelin-reactive T cells in multiple sclerosis Angela Colmone Myelin-reactive T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis are proinflammatory. Neuroscience Which receptor underlies chronic pain? Katrina L. Kelner and Nancy R. Gough Finding that nicotinic receptors containing the α6 subunit, but not the α4, inhibit chronic pain points to a new set of potential therapeutic drugs. Posttranslational Modifications Chromosomes: Let me be your guide Stella M. Hurtley Microtubule detyrosination works as a navigation system for kinetochore-based chromosome motility during cell division. About the cover Also Online: Current Issue Table of Contents Science Signaling Homepage My Science Signaling Information for Authors Recommend to Your Library Sponsored by Diagenode Four million CpGs — we’ve got you covered. Diagenode’s Premium RRBS kit uses a proprietary protocol for highest efficiency of bisulfite conversion and minimal bias with reduced amplification requirements. Lowest cost solution available! Superior coverage – 4 million CpGs Cost-efficient – Optimized for multiplexing up 6 samples/lane Most complete kit available from conversion to library preparation reagents Learn more

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Distinctive whale voices, a yeast that makes morphine, & more

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Latest News and Headlines 18 May 2015

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